Obedience and Conformity Effects

Free Essays on Seasonal Affective Disorder

Introduction: In the recent years interest in seasonal affective disorder (SAD) has grown dramatically. The disorder, also known as winter depression, has a recurrent pattern of fall/winter onset and spring remission. Since the beginning of contemporary investigation into SAD, it has been compellingly related to seasonal change in sunlight. Historical Overview: Observations that affective illnesses are sensitive to seasonal and environmental influence was key to ancient theories about the origins of disease. In 460-370 B.C. Hippocrates taught that â€Å"it is cheifly the change of seasons which produce diseases, and in the seasons the great changes from cold to heat,† (Rosenthal & Blehar, p. 13). In the 4th century A.D. Posidonius summarized the views of many ancient physicians when he noted that mania is â€Å"an intermittent disease, which proceeds through a periodical circuit†¦.It repeats itself once a year or more often†¦..Melancholy occurs in autumn whereas mania occurs in summer,† (Rosenthal & Blehar, p.14). There are many early desriptions of patients who were probably suffering from SAD. According to Norman E. Rosenthal, one of the earliest noted examples of individuals with seasonal affective disorder are from the 17th century. Ann Grenville (1642-1691), suffered for numerous years from â€Å"regularly recurring winter depressions and summer manias,† (Rosenthal & Blehar, p.14). In 1825, the French psychiatrist Esquirol described a male patient from Belgium who for three consecutive winters had suffered depressive episodes, which lifted in the spring. The psychiatrist advised the patient to spend the following winter in Italy, and his winter depression resulted much milder (Partonen, p.3). In 1946, the German physician, Hellmut Marx, recognized winter depression in four men during an Arctic winter and even described the overeating that often accompanies the condition. Marx identified the lack of light as a... Free Essays on Seasonal Affective Disorder Free Essays on Seasonal Affective Disorder Introduction: In the recent years interest in seasonal affective disorder (SAD) has grown dramatically. The disorder, also known as winter depression, has a recurrent pattern of fall/winter onset and spring remission. Since the beginning of contemporary investigation into SAD, it has been compellingly related to seasonal change in sunlight. Historical Overview: Observations that affective illnesses are sensitive to seasonal and environmental influence was key to ancient theories about the origins of disease. In 460-370 B.C. Hippocrates taught that â€Å"it is cheifly the change of seasons which produce diseases, and in the seasons the great changes from cold to heat,† (Rosenthal & Blehar, p. 13). In the 4th century A.D. Posidonius summarized the views of many ancient physicians when he noted that mania is â€Å"an intermittent disease, which proceeds through a periodical circuit†¦.It repeats itself once a year or more often†¦..Melancholy occurs in autumn whereas mania occurs in summer,† (Rosenthal & Blehar, p.14). There are many early desriptions of patients who were probably suffering from SAD. According to Norman E. Rosenthal, one of the earliest noted examples of individuals with seasonal affective disorder are from the 17th century. Ann Grenville (1642-1691), suffered for numerous years from â€Å"regularly recurring winter depressions and summer manias,† (Rosenthal & Blehar, p.14). In 1825, the French psychiatrist Esquirol described a male patient from Belgium who for three consecutive winters had suffered depressive episodes, which lifted in the spring. The psychiatrist advised the patient to spend the following winter in Italy, and his winter depression resulted much milder (Partonen, p.3). In 1946, the German physician, Hellmut Marx, recognized winter depression in four men during an Arctic winter and even described the overeating that often accompanies the condition. Marx identified the lack of light as a...

Health Disparities- Summary and Critique of article Essay

Health Disparities- Summary and Critique of article - Essay Example As early as 1922 the great philosopher Whitehead made an attempt to define the subject in a much-cited paper. But experience accumulated over the years has made it necessary to redefine the term â€Å"in a conceptually rigorous fashion that can guide measurement and hence accountability for actions at the policy and programmatic levels.† Equity means social justice and so it is an ethical concept which is innately of a normative nature. Although the concept is not measurable, a definition of equity is proposed here. And since there is every chance for it to be interpreted in diverse ways, a definition is essential that can be based on criteria that are both meaningful and measurable. â€Å"So for this purpose, equity in health can be defined as the absence of systematic disparities in health between more and less advantaged social groups.† Although equity and equality are different in meanings, the notion of equality is essential to the operationalizing and measuring of equity of health. To bring about equality between disadvantaged social groups and that of their more fortunate counterparts, resources must be distributed and procedures planned in ways likely to progress toward equalizing the health conditions of both sections. The authors maintain that â€Å"Not all health inequalities necessarily reflect inequity in health, which implies unfair processes in the distribution of resources and other conditions that affect health.† (Duckett, Stephen. 2003). Only by comparing health and its social determinants among the different social groups that health equity can be properly assessed. Without this we will not be in a position to discern the effectiveness of those policies and programs that goes to create greater social equity in health. Although this treatise technical to a large extent, it is a commendable effort by two eminent persons who can be

The American Revolution - Discussion Question Only Essay

The American Revolution - Discussion Question Only - Essay Example In 1838, President Andrew Jackson sent federal troops to enforce the treaty and evict the Indians from their native lands. The resulting march to the west became known as the Trail of Tears. Approximately 17,000 Native Americans were put on a forced march westward. The conditions were severe and it is estimated that over 5,000 tribal members died as a direct result of the march. Most of the deaths occurred due to disease, famine, and the hardships encountered by exposure to the elements on the lengthy forced march. The US Constitution, Bill of Rights, and the Philadelphia Convention of 1787 all failed to deal directly with the issue of slavery. By 1820 there were 11 free states that believed in a strong union government. There were also 11 slave holding states that believed in states rights and one of those rights was the right to maintain slavery. The Compromise of 1820 allowed Missouri and Maine to be admitted to the Union and thus maintained the balance of free and slave states. This instituted the two-by-two method of admitting states and resulted in the pairings of Arkansas and Michigan, Florida and Texas, and Iowa and Wisconsin. For the next 30 years, the government worked to allow admission on a two-by-two basis and maintain this balance.

Article Review #2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Article Review #2 - Essay Example The writer is the author of several books on German and Soviet history during the World War II period, so he draws upon a thorough knowledge of the history of the region and period concerned but does also make use of some other valuable sources such as foreign affairs documents. In On August 22, 1939, Adolf Hitler directed his foreign minister, Joachim von Ribbentrop, to go to Moscow for a nonaggression pact with Soviet Union involving the signing of a treaty and a secret protocol for immediate effect. The German delegation conversed with Stalin and his commissar for foreign affairs at the Kremlin, and â€Å"an agreement was reached on all points†. The pact, to initially last ten years, and the secret protocol were both signed, and this occasion was celebrated as it marked a new era of German-Soviet friendship. The terms stipulated that neither country would attack the other subject to certain conditions. The secret protocol carved Europe into German and Soviet spheres of interest. Some remaining details were settled a month later along with another friendship treaty, â€Å"later supplemented by a boundary protocol†, â€Å"a confidential agreement on the exchange of populations across the borders separating the Soviet and German spheres in Ea stern Europe†, a secret protocol pertaining to non-tolerance of Polish agitation, and extensions of several economic agreements. These agreements were seen as providing â€Å"the Germans with a green light for an attack on Poland†, and whereas previous nonaggression pacts signed by the Soviets were invalidated in the case of either party attacking a third country, this was not the case in this pact. Moreover, the economic agreements were designed to maintain the German war effort through acquisition of raw materials, and enabling Germany to concentrate all its forces on the western front. It is pertinent to note that the friendship was actually â€Å"cemented with blood† given that both had attacked and divided Poland

Analysis of S-d Exchange Interactions in Dilute Cu-mn Alloys

Analysis of S-d Exchange Interactions in Dilute Cu-mn Alloys Phenomenological analysis of the s-d exchange interactions in dilute Cu-Mn alloys at helium temperatures AL-Jalali, M. A. Abstract: The S-d exchange interactions in dilute Cu-Mn alloys was studied on concentration ( C ) varying between 10.5 and 2081.8 ppm of Mn in Cu within the ( 0.03K – 4.2K ) temperature range. Using electrical resistivity data on those alloys, the s-d exchange integral ( Jsd ), which is negative, has calculated to show a clear dependence on (Ln C). This dependence, confirming thus the dominance of Kondo effect below 1000 ppm impurity concentration, but above this concentration, we expected an interference between Kondo effect and spin glass regime, which mean that spin glass regime has to prevail more than Kondo effect. Keywords: s-d interaction; electrical resistivity; Jsd; Kondo effect; spin glass. PACS: 75: 50, 75:10, 75: 40, 75: 30. Introduction The main objective of this paper is to study the huge effects on the coupling between the dilute magnetic impurities (Mn), which gives rise to the formation of local magnetic moments, and the conduction electrons from the host noble metal (Cu). Electrical resistivity is a great source of information, especially to get the values of the s-d exchange integral Jsd . For a very dilute alloys (concentration below 100 ppm of Mn), the low-temperature resistivity is dominated by an anomalous Kondo scattering of the conduction electron spin at the local magnetic moments. A typical logarithmic divergence of the resistivity will begin above the Kondo’s temperature( TK ) until the minimum in the resistivity of Cu-Mn Kondo alloys, where higher temperatures is prevailed, and when the magnetic impurity concentration Increasing until ( 1 at. %), the interaction between the local magnetic moments and conduction electrons ,which is governed by the Ruderman-Kittel-Kasuya-Yosida (RKKY)[ 1,2,3] interaction will form a spin-glass phase [4]. The method, I have used, to calculate Jsd was the analysis of crude experimental data and by simi-emperical simple calculating, I found that the Jsd decreases logarithmically with concentration and gives a very important information about competition between Kondo effect and spin glass regime[5], which need a deeper study in the future. Theoretical background The introduction of few ppm of 3d or 4f magnetic impurity in a non-magnetic matrix leads to an s – d exchange interaction between the spins of the conduction electrons Se and the Localized magnetic moment Sd of the transition element, which can be described by a Hamiltonian: Where (Jsd) is the exchange coupling parameter, and is any ordinary scattering from the ion carrying the local moment. With a negative Jsd, the interaction leads to an increase of localized spin disorder resistivity with decreasing temperature. The competition between the spin disorder scattering and the phonon exhibits the minimum in the resistivity of this regime [6, 7, 8, 9]. Phenomenologically; the above competition is mainly manifested at low temperatures in the form: Where the spin scattering resistivity, and, ( EF =the Fermi energy),(Z=number of conduction electrons per atom). In this work, I endeavour to show the behaviour of Jsd in some Cu – Mn alloys, despite the fact that there is the bulk of information has been put forward on these alloys during and after the 1980s, the electrical resistivity one of many sources to provide a powerful means to trace the s – d exchange interaction dominating these alloys. Analysis of data Matula and others reported crude data [10, 11, 12] on electrical resistivity and methods of manufacturing of alloys, especially in respect of purity, constituting the major experimental background in this work. They come from direct measurements already carried on Cu – Mn alloys (and many others noble –transition metals alloys) with concentrations ranging from 10.5 ppm to 2081.3 ppm of Mn in Cu within the ( 0.03 – 4.2K ) range [ 11, 12,13 ]. Figure (1) scales versus Ln (T/c) give us by suit fitting an expression like a logarithm of power series solution: The first two terms (first- order approximation) show a bold line at figure (1), where pure magnetic resistivity could be defined from that lines as a function of ( LnT), and by using a fitting’s programming we can find from the ones of the bold lines a relation as following (figure(2)) :- This matches with Hamann’s expression [13, 14, 15, and 16]: Tk =Kondo temperature Figure (2) expresses exactly what a compatible between experimental relation (4) and theoretical Hamann’s expression (5) there are. Definitely, allowing the inclusion of potential scattering effect with single impurity kondo effect, and sharp determination of kondo temperature Tk = 36 mK. Calculated values of Jsd reveal a variation: (C is Mns concentration in ppm units), as it has shown in figure (3). Expression ( 6 ) was calculated according to a width of internal field distribution [ 12,16 ] at Tmax ( characterize the maximum value of the resistivity at figure(1): (7) Results and discussion As it is shown in figure ( 3 ), above 850 ppm, our calculation to Jsd leads, just as other works do [12,17 , 18 , 19, 20 ] to believe that magnetic transformation takes place from antiferromagnetic to ferromagnetic state and between 860 ppm and 2000 ppm may be a spin glass regime starts to prevail. When we come back to Kondo’s temperature at Hamann’s expression (5), it is most appropriately to denote that the Kondo’s temperature given as [21]: Where, initially, TF =8.12 104 k, and n (EF) =0.294 ev-1. It seems that Tk is not constant as we noted above, and is not consistent with [22], And has clear dependence on Jsd . Of course, we need more studying to pursue this point. Finally, as a [instead of] conclusion [put [(Result)], and from figure (3), we can classify a Kondo’s regime in respect of concentration as following: pure kondo regime vanishes at concentration 63 ppm of magnetic impurity (Mn) . Mixed regime ( kondo + SG ) from 63 ppm to 860 ppm. Ideal spin glass from 860 ppm to about 1%. Conclusion When we increase the concentration of magnetic impurity, The s-d exchange interactions will move to RKKY interactions, where Jsd will represent a phenomenological order parameter, which reflects a shift of interactions between conduction electrons and localized magnetic moments and discovers the new magnetic transformation from a regime to be other. 1

The Bluest Eye :: essays research papers

	Misdirection of Anger "Anger is better [than shame]. There is a sense of being in anger. A reality of presence. An awareness of worth."(50) This is how many of the blacks in Toni Morrison's The Bluest Eye felt. They faked love when they felt powerless to hate, and destroyed what love they did have with anger. The Bluest Eye shows the way that the blacks were compelled to place their anger on their own families and on their own blackness instead of on the white people who were the cause of their misery. In this manner, they kept their anger circulating among themselves, in effect oppressing themselves, at the same time they were being oppressed by the white people. Pecola Breedlove was a young black girl, growing up in Lorain, Ohio in the early 1940's. Her life was one of the most difficult in the novel, for she was almost totally alone. She suffered the most because she had to withstand having others' anger dumped on her, internalized this hate, and was unable to get angry herself. Over the course of the novel, this anger destroys her from the inside. When Geraldine yells at her to get out of her house, Pecola's eyes were fixed on the "pretty" lady and her "pretty" house. Pecola does not stand up to Maureen Peal when she made fun of her for seeing her dad naked but instead lets Freida and Claudia fight for her. Instead of getting mad at Mr. Yacobowski for looking down on her, she directed her anger toward the dandelions that she once thought were beautiful. The dandelions also represent her view of her blackness, once she may have thought that she was beautiful, but like the dandelions, she now follows the majorities' view. However, "the anger will not hold"(50), and the feelings soon gave way to shame. Pecola was the sad product of having others' anger placed on her: "All of our waste we dumped on her and she absorbed. And all of our beauty, which was hers first and which she gave to us"(205). The other black people felt beautiful next to her ugliness, wholesome next to her uncleanness, her poverty made them generous, her weakness made them strong, and her pain made them happier. In effect, they were oppressing her the same way the whites were oppressing them. When Pecola's father, Cholly Breedlove, was caught as a teenager in a field with Darlene by two white men, "never did he once consider directing his hatred toward the hunters"(150), rather her directed his hatred towards the girl because hating the white men would "consume" him.