Obedience and Conformity Effects

Free Essays on Seasonal Affective Disorder

Introduction: In the recent years interest in seasonal affective disorder (SAD) has grown dramatically. The disorder, also known as winter depression, has a recurrent pattern of fall/winter onset and spring remission. Since the beginning of contemporary investigation into SAD, it has been compellingly related to seasonal change in sunlight. Historical Overview: Observations that affective illnesses are sensitive to seasonal and environmental influence was key to ancient theories about the origins of disease. In 460-370 B.C. Hippocrates taught that â€Å"it is cheifly the change of seasons which produce diseases, and in the seasons the great changes from cold to heat,† (Rosenthal & Blehar, p. 13). In the 4th century A.D. Posidonius summarized the views of many ancient physicians when he noted that mania is â€Å"an intermittent disease, which proceeds through a periodical circuit†¦.It repeats itself once a year or more often†¦..Melancholy occurs in autumn whereas mania occurs in summer,† (Rosenthal & Blehar, p.14). There are many early desriptions of patients who were probably suffering from SAD. According to Norman E. Rosenthal, one of the earliest noted examples of individuals with seasonal affective disorder are from the 17th century. Ann Grenville (1642-1691), suffered for numerous years from â€Å"regularly recurring winter depressions and summer manias,† (Rosenthal & Blehar, p.14). In 1825, the French psychiatrist Esquirol described a male patient from Belgium who for three consecutive winters had suffered depressive episodes, which lifted in the spring. The psychiatrist advised the patient to spend the following winter in Italy, and his winter depression resulted much milder (Partonen, p.3). In 1946, the German physician, Hellmut Marx, recognized winter depression in four men during an Arctic winter and even described the overeating that often accompanies the condition. Marx identified the lack of light as a... Free Essays on Seasonal Affective Disorder Free Essays on Seasonal Affective Disorder Introduction: In the recent years interest in seasonal affective disorder (SAD) has grown dramatically. The disorder, also known as winter depression, has a recurrent pattern of fall/winter onset and spring remission. Since the beginning of contemporary investigation into SAD, it has been compellingly related to seasonal change in sunlight. Historical Overview: Observations that affective illnesses are sensitive to seasonal and environmental influence was key to ancient theories about the origins of disease. In 460-370 B.C. Hippocrates taught that â€Å"it is cheifly the change of seasons which produce diseases, and in the seasons the great changes from cold to heat,† (Rosenthal & Blehar, p. 13). In the 4th century A.D. Posidonius summarized the views of many ancient physicians when he noted that mania is â€Å"an intermittent disease, which proceeds through a periodical circuit†¦.It repeats itself once a year or more often†¦..Melancholy occurs in autumn whereas mania occurs in summer,† (Rosenthal & Blehar, p.14). There are many early desriptions of patients who were probably suffering from SAD. According to Norman E. Rosenthal, one of the earliest noted examples of individuals with seasonal affective disorder are from the 17th century. Ann Grenville (1642-1691), suffered for numerous years from â€Å"regularly recurring winter depressions and summer manias,† (Rosenthal & Blehar, p.14). In 1825, the French psychiatrist Esquirol described a male patient from Belgium who for three consecutive winters had suffered depressive episodes, which lifted in the spring. The psychiatrist advised the patient to spend the following winter in Italy, and his winter depression resulted much milder (Partonen, p.3). In 1946, the German physician, Hellmut Marx, recognized winter depression in four men during an Arctic winter and even described the overeating that often accompanies the condition. Marx identified the lack of light as a...

Health Disparities- Summary and Critique of article Essay

Health Disparities- Summary and Critique of article - Essay Example As early as 1922 the great philosopher Whitehead made an attempt to define the subject in a much-cited paper. But experience accumulated over the years has made it necessary to redefine the term â€Å"in a conceptually rigorous fashion that can guide measurement and hence accountability for actions at the policy and programmatic levels.† Equity means social justice and so it is an ethical concept which is innately of a normative nature. Although the concept is not measurable, a definition of equity is proposed here. And since there is every chance for it to be interpreted in diverse ways, a definition is essential that can be based on criteria that are both meaningful and measurable. â€Å"So for this purpose, equity in health can be defined as the absence of systematic disparities in health between more and less advantaged social groups.† Although equity and equality are different in meanings, the notion of equality is essential to the operationalizing and measuring of equity of health. To bring about equality between disadvantaged social groups and that of their more fortunate counterparts, resources must be distributed and procedures planned in ways likely to progress toward equalizing the health conditions of both sections. The authors maintain that â€Å"Not all health inequalities necessarily reflect inequity in health, which implies unfair processes in the distribution of resources and other conditions that affect health.† (Duckett, Stephen. 2003). Only by comparing health and its social determinants among the different social groups that health equity can be properly assessed. Without this we will not be in a position to discern the effectiveness of those policies and programs that goes to create greater social equity in health. Although this treatise technical to a large extent, it is a commendable effort by two eminent persons who can be

The American Revolution - Discussion Question Only Essay

The American Revolution - Discussion Question Only - Essay Example In 1838, President Andrew Jackson sent federal troops to enforce the treaty and evict the Indians from their native lands. The resulting march to the west became known as the Trail of Tears. Approximately 17,000 Native Americans were put on a forced march westward. The conditions were severe and it is estimated that over 5,000 tribal members died as a direct result of the march. Most of the deaths occurred due to disease, famine, and the hardships encountered by exposure to the elements on the lengthy forced march. The US Constitution, Bill of Rights, and the Philadelphia Convention of 1787 all failed to deal directly with the issue of slavery. By 1820 there were 11 free states that believed in a strong union government. There were also 11 slave holding states that believed in states rights and one of those rights was the right to maintain slavery. The Compromise of 1820 allowed Missouri and Maine to be admitted to the Union and thus maintained the balance of free and slave states. This instituted the two-by-two method of admitting states and resulted in the pairings of Arkansas and Michigan, Florida and Texas, and Iowa and Wisconsin. For the next 30 years, the government worked to allow admission on a two-by-two basis and maintain this balance.

Article Review #2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Article Review #2 - Essay Example The writer is the author of several books on German and Soviet history during the World War II period, so he draws upon a thorough knowledge of the history of the region and period concerned but does also make use of some other valuable sources such as foreign affairs documents. In On August 22, 1939, Adolf Hitler directed his foreign minister, Joachim von Ribbentrop, to go to Moscow for a nonaggression pact with Soviet Union involving the signing of a treaty and a secret protocol for immediate effect. The German delegation conversed with Stalin and his commissar for foreign affairs at the Kremlin, and â€Å"an agreement was reached on all points†. The pact, to initially last ten years, and the secret protocol were both signed, and this occasion was celebrated as it marked a new era of German-Soviet friendship. The terms stipulated that neither country would attack the other subject to certain conditions. The secret protocol carved Europe into German and Soviet spheres of interest. Some remaining details were settled a month later along with another friendship treaty, â€Å"later supplemented by a boundary protocol†, â€Å"a confidential agreement on the exchange of populations across the borders separating the Soviet and German spheres in Ea stern Europe†, a secret protocol pertaining to non-tolerance of Polish agitation, and extensions of several economic agreements. These agreements were seen as providing â€Å"the Germans with a green light for an attack on Poland†, and whereas previous nonaggression pacts signed by the Soviets were invalidated in the case of either party attacking a third country, this was not the case in this pact. Moreover, the economic agreements were designed to maintain the German war effort through acquisition of raw materials, and enabling Germany to concentrate all its forces on the western front. It is pertinent to note that the friendship was actually â€Å"cemented with blood† given that both had attacked and divided Poland

Analysis of S-d Exchange Interactions in Dilute Cu-mn Alloys

Analysis of S-d Exchange Interactions in Dilute Cu-mn Alloys Phenomenological analysis of the s-d exchange interactions in dilute Cu-Mn alloys at helium temperatures AL-Jalali, M. A. Abstract: The S-d exchange interactions in dilute Cu-Mn alloys was studied on concentration ( C ) varying between 10.5 and 2081.8 ppm of Mn in Cu within the ( 0.03K – 4.2K ) temperature range. Using electrical resistivity data on those alloys, the s-d exchange integral ( Jsd ), which is negative, has calculated to show a clear dependence on (Ln C). This dependence, confirming thus the dominance of Kondo effect below 1000 ppm impurity concentration, but above this concentration, we expected an interference between Kondo effect and spin glass regime, which mean that spin glass regime has to prevail more than Kondo effect. Keywords: s-d interaction; electrical resistivity; Jsd; Kondo effect; spin glass. PACS: 75: 50, 75:10, 75: 40, 75: 30. Introduction The main objective of this paper is to study the huge effects on the coupling between the dilute magnetic impurities (Mn), which gives rise to the formation of local magnetic moments, and the conduction electrons from the host noble metal (Cu). Electrical resistivity is a great source of information, especially to get the values of the s-d exchange integral Jsd . For a very dilute alloys (concentration below 100 ppm of Mn), the low-temperature resistivity is dominated by an anomalous Kondo scattering of the conduction electron spin at the local magnetic moments. A typical logarithmic divergence of the resistivity will begin above the Kondo’s temperature( TK ) until the minimum in the resistivity of Cu-Mn Kondo alloys, where higher temperatures is prevailed, and when the magnetic impurity concentration Increasing until ( 1 at. %), the interaction between the local magnetic moments and conduction electrons ,which is governed by the Ruderman-Kittel-Kasuya-Yosida (RKKY)[ 1,2,3] interaction will form a spin-glass phase [4]. The method, I have used, to calculate Jsd was the analysis of crude experimental data and by simi-emperical simple calculating, I found that the Jsd decreases logarithmically with concentration and gives a very important information about competition between Kondo effect and spin glass regime[5], which need a deeper study in the future. Theoretical background The introduction of few ppm of 3d or 4f magnetic impurity in a non-magnetic matrix leads to an s – d exchange interaction between the spins of the conduction electrons Se and the Localized magnetic moment Sd of the transition element, which can be described by a Hamiltonian: Where (Jsd) is the exchange coupling parameter, and is any ordinary scattering from the ion carrying the local moment. With a negative Jsd, the interaction leads to an increase of localized spin disorder resistivity with decreasing temperature. The competition between the spin disorder scattering and the phonon exhibits the minimum in the resistivity of this regime [6, 7, 8, 9]. Phenomenologically; the above competition is mainly manifested at low temperatures in the form: Where the spin scattering resistivity, and, ( EF =the Fermi energy),(Z=number of conduction electrons per atom). In this work, I endeavour to show the behaviour of Jsd in some Cu – Mn alloys, despite the fact that there is the bulk of information has been put forward on these alloys during and after the 1980s, the electrical resistivity one of many sources to provide a powerful means to trace the s – d exchange interaction dominating these alloys. Analysis of data Matula and others reported crude data [10, 11, 12] on electrical resistivity and methods of manufacturing of alloys, especially in respect of purity, constituting the major experimental background in this work. They come from direct measurements already carried on Cu – Mn alloys (and many others noble –transition metals alloys) with concentrations ranging from 10.5 ppm to 2081.3 ppm of Mn in Cu within the ( 0.03 – 4.2K ) range [ 11, 12,13 ]. Figure (1) scales versus Ln (T/c) give us by suit fitting an expression like a logarithm of power series solution: The first two terms (first- order approximation) show a bold line at figure (1), where pure magnetic resistivity could be defined from that lines as a function of ( LnT), and by using a fitting’s programming we can find from the ones of the bold lines a relation as following (figure(2)) :- This matches with Hamann’s expression [13, 14, 15, and 16]: Tk =Kondo temperature Figure (2) expresses exactly what a compatible between experimental relation (4) and theoretical Hamann’s expression (5) there are. Definitely, allowing the inclusion of potential scattering effect with single impurity kondo effect, and sharp determination of kondo temperature Tk = 36 mK. Calculated values of Jsd reveal a variation: (C is Mns concentration in ppm units), as it has shown in figure (3). Expression ( 6 ) was calculated according to a width of internal field distribution [ 12,16 ] at Tmax ( characterize the maximum value of the resistivity at figure(1): (7) Results and discussion As it is shown in figure ( 3 ), above 850 ppm, our calculation to Jsd leads, just as other works do [12,17 , 18 , 19, 20 ] to believe that magnetic transformation takes place from antiferromagnetic to ferromagnetic state and between 860 ppm and 2000 ppm may be a spin glass regime starts to prevail. When we come back to Kondo’s temperature at Hamann’s expression (5), it is most appropriately to denote that the Kondo’s temperature given as [21]: Where, initially, TF =8.12 104 k, and n (EF) =0.294 ev-1. It seems that Tk is not constant as we noted above, and is not consistent with [22], And has clear dependence on Jsd . Of course, we need more studying to pursue this point. Finally, as a [instead of] conclusion [put [(Result)], and from figure (3), we can classify a Kondo’s regime in respect of concentration as following: pure kondo regime vanishes at concentration 63 ppm of magnetic impurity (Mn) . Mixed regime ( kondo + SG ) from 63 ppm to 860 ppm. Ideal spin glass from 860 ppm to about 1%. Conclusion When we increase the concentration of magnetic impurity, The s-d exchange interactions will move to RKKY interactions, where Jsd will represent a phenomenological order parameter, which reflects a shift of interactions between conduction electrons and localized magnetic moments and discovers the new magnetic transformation from a regime to be other. 1

The Bluest Eye :: essays research papers

	Misdirection of Anger "Anger is better [than shame]. There is a sense of being in anger. A reality of presence. An awareness of worth."(50) This is how many of the blacks in Toni Morrison's The Bluest Eye felt. They faked love when they felt powerless to hate, and destroyed what love they did have with anger. The Bluest Eye shows the way that the blacks were compelled to place their anger on their own families and on their own blackness instead of on the white people who were the cause of their misery. In this manner, they kept their anger circulating among themselves, in effect oppressing themselves, at the same time they were being oppressed by the white people. Pecola Breedlove was a young black girl, growing up in Lorain, Ohio in the early 1940's. Her life was one of the most difficult in the novel, for she was almost totally alone. She suffered the most because she had to withstand having others' anger dumped on her, internalized this hate, and was unable to get angry herself. Over the course of the novel, this anger destroys her from the inside. When Geraldine yells at her to get out of her house, Pecola's eyes were fixed on the "pretty" lady and her "pretty" house. Pecola does not stand up to Maureen Peal when she made fun of her for seeing her dad naked but instead lets Freida and Claudia fight for her. Instead of getting mad at Mr. Yacobowski for looking down on her, she directed her anger toward the dandelions that she once thought were beautiful. The dandelions also represent her view of her blackness, once she may have thought that she was beautiful, but like the dandelions, she now follows the majorities' view. However, "the anger will not hold"(50), and the feelings soon gave way to shame. Pecola was the sad product of having others' anger placed on her: "All of our waste we dumped on her and she absorbed. And all of our beauty, which was hers first and which she gave to us"(205). The other black people felt beautiful next to her ugliness, wholesome next to her uncleanness, her poverty made them generous, her weakness made them strong, and her pain made them happier. In effect, they were oppressing her the same way the whites were oppressing them. When Pecola's father, Cholly Breedlove, was caught as a teenager in a field with Darlene by two white men, "never did he once consider directing his hatred toward the hunters"(150), rather her directed his hatred towards the girl because hating the white men would "consume" him.

Causes and Effects of Breaking Up Essay

In keeping with my research topic I chose to Wright my cause and effect paper over breaking up. There are many causes why people break up. In everyone life there comes a point and time when they finds one person whom they fall madly in love with. Real life relationships are different what we see in the movies where two people fall in love and go on to live happily ever after. In â€Å"The Real World† rather than â€Å"The Movie World† it is a fact of life that couples do break up, and there are many reasons why. There are many reasons, ranging from cheating to lack of sex to abuse, that make people want to breakup One reason why couples might break up is money or a lack of money. If one person in a relationship is always paying for everything, their partner just might grow tired of it and decide that it is a good reason to separate. For example, a woman who is always giving her boyfriend money for his rent, car note, and other expenses will probably eventually get tired of it and leave him. Growing apart, an instance in which two people just do not feel attraction towards each other anymore is very commonplace, resulting in an end of a relationship. Some couples simply â€Å"fall out of love†. Some people can only stand so much of another person before they grow tired of them. Sometimes a person finds another person besides their boy/girlfriend who they are attracted to. Finding somebody â€Å"better† will end a relationship quickly, and start a new relationship as well. If a person finds someone more attractive than the person they are currently with, they might have to weigh their options and decide that they want to go another direction. Also, breaking up it could be as a result to distance. For example, when I was in high school I met a nice lady friend and we went together for most of that time. As time came and went the both of decided go own ways in choosing colleges. This results in a couple breaking up.

A critical analysis of the role and functioning of the World Trade Organisation (WTO) as it relates to Newland The WritePass Journal

A critical analysis of the role and functioning of the World Trade Organisation (WTO) as it relates to Newland Abstract A critical analysis of the role and functioning of the World Trade Organisation (WTO) as it relates to Newland ). The WTO Agreement indicates the condition that each WTO member should ensure compliance with its laws and regulations. A significant part of the commitments in this sector refer to the issue of reviewing and appealing administrative decisions. The WTO Agreement will prevail over Newland’s Constitution in terms of requiring a revision of the country’s laws and regulations (Daemmrich, 2011). Newland’s laws should be consistent with the requirements specified by the WTO Agreement. For instance, Newland may consider the opportunity to create tribunals or relevant processes for the review of all administrative actions (Milner, 2005). The implementation of national treatment and conformity assessment is required to improve Newland’s courts. The country may confirm that all laws and legislative aspects or tools pertaining to WTO provisions may be adopted. It has been reflected in the literature that most constitutions enable central governments with an opportunit y to regulate trade and commerce relations with other nations (Devuyst and Serdarevic, 2007). Yet, the interpretation of these legal provisions remains challenging and unclear. The wide objective of the WTO Agreement has become a complex factor. Newland is expected to describe its constitutional arrangements and thus its WTO obligations need to be applied in a uniform manner throughout the country’s territory (Van den Bossche and Zdouc, 2013). Impact of WTO Membership   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The full impact of WTO membership reflects in the promotion of peace between countries, handling of dispute by applying constructive thinking and in the idea that rules are established easier for all members (Devuyst and Serdarevic, 2007). In addition, free trade tends to reduce the cost of living by providing a wide range of choices to consumers in terms of products and quality. Other significant effects that may improve the economic performance of Newland relate to extensive economic growth, increased national income and appropriate governance which adhere to solid legal principles and standards (Milner, 2005). WTO membership can help Newland present a balanced view of trade policy. The focus is on balance in the international economic and political system. As a result, the country’s government would be better placed to defend itself against lobbying practiced by narrow interest groups (Narlikar, 2005). Emphasis would be set on trade-offs that represent the interests of all stakeholders in the economy. Newland should be committed to an independent judicial review as part of WTO’s paradigm for the governance of legal principles (Devuyst and Serdarevic, 2007). It is important to improve the body of legislation and judicial interpretations which could be achieved through WTO membership. Notion of State Sovereignty and Impact of Globalisation The traditional notion of state sovereignty refers to a non-physical entity present at the international legal system which is dominated by one centralised government. In accordance with international law, state sovereignty indicates that a sovereign state should have a strictly defined territory, permanent population and one government (Milner, 2005). However, the process of globalisation forces individuals to rethink this concept. Globalisation has presented a dual impact on the sovereignty of states. The framework of human rights has outlined a sense of obligation of the state towards its citizens. Yet, as a result of globalisation, the social contract has a welfare component attached to it (Narlikar, 2005). The process of economic integration facilitated through the mechanisms of trade and development as well as WTO membership has limited the provision of policy options to states. In turn, this aspect has led to countries’ diminished capacity to meet the expected economic and legal obligations (Milner, 2005). For instance, such countries may encounter difficulties in complying with essential legal standards and principles in the global context. The traditional notion of state sovereignty has been replaced by growing understanding of nation states as welfare states. Such shift of perception has indicated that the focus on welfare is a leading element of the global concept of sovereignty. In other words, the idea of state sovereignty has been subjected to changes over time. The focus is on providing social security to the citizens of these states (Daemmrich, 2011). This may be the situation in the state of Newland. Economic globalisation has demonstrated an increased scope which reflected in the economic and legal functioning of Newland. Essential aspects of economic globalisation include the devaluation of currencies, strict regulation of capital markets and substantial public spending which has led to significant public deficits (Dhar, 2013). However, WTO membership can guarantee Newland better integration of its trade and legal system. The country may take proper risks, open up its fiscal market and determine its own polic y outcomes. In an attempt to provide the most reasonable course of action to Newland, it is essential to explore the negative effects associated with the country’s WTO membership. It has been stated that WTO is undemocratic, as this institution lacks transparency (Milner, 2005). The lack of transparency is a serious problem to countries considering the inappropriate mechanisms of governance undertaken by different states. The WTO rules are prepared for corporations that have an access to the negotiations. Moreover, WTO usually undertakes actions to privatise significant services, including education and health care. Another negative effect of WTO membership is that this international organisation undermines national sovereignty and local decision making (Dhar, 2013). An argument presented in this line is that developing countries are prevented from the opportunity to create local laws. It can be argued that developing countries are in a more unfavourable position with regards to the legal system compared to developed countries. The requirement of being internationally competitive poses significant challenges to WTO members (Devuyst and Serdarevic, 2007). That is why Newland should outweigh the advantages and negative effects associated with WTO membership in order to make an adequately informed decision. Conclusion   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The present paper analysed the role and functioning of WTO as it relates to Newland. Numerous arguments in favour and against WTO’s dominant role in international trade and development have been introduced (Narlikar, 2005). The prevailing function of the WTO Agreement has been discussed in the paper along with the full impact of WTO membership. Other important sections of the paper included the notion of state sovereignty and the impact of globalisation (Devuyst and Serdarevic, 2007). It has been argued that the process of globalisation has altered the way in which nation states function and regulate their trade. Yet, it has been concluded that Newland may benefit from WTO membership if it strictly adheres to essential economic and legal principles outlined by the international organisation. References Daemmrich, A. (2011). ‘The Evolving Basis for Legitimacy of the World Trade Organization: Dispute Settlement and the Rebalancing of Global Interests’. Harvard Business School. Working Paper 12-041. Devuyst, Y. and Serdarevic, A. (2007). ‘The World Trade Organization and Regional Trade Agreements: Bridging the Constitutional Credibility Gap’. Duke Journal of Comparative International Law, vol. 18(1), pp1-75. Dhar, B. (2013). ‘The Future of the World Trade Organisation’. ADBI Working Paper. Matsushita, M., Schoenbaum, T. J. and Mavroidis, P. C. (2006). The World Trade Organization: Law, Practice, and Policy. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Milner, H. V. (2005). ‘Globalization, Development, and International Institutions: Normative and Positive Perspectives’. Review Essay, vol. 3(4), pp833-854. Narlikar, A. (2005). The World Trade Organization: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Van den Bossche, P. and Zdouc, W. (2013). The Law and Policy of the World Trade Organization: Text Cases and Materials. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Chemical Warfare Essays - Nerve Agents, Free Essays, Term Papers

Chemical Warfare Essays - Nerve Agents, Free Essays, Term Papers Chemical Warfare Chemical Warfare In this report I will be giving a history of chemical warfare. I will also be showing a chart that includes the Agent, and many other useful information about nerve gas agents which are the main item for chemical warfare. This report will also include the effects of nerve gas on the human body. Chemical Warfare is an extremely dangerous form of warfare. An inquisitive scientist accidentally stumbled upon the engineering of nerve gas agents in the 30s by the name of Gerhard Schrader. He was working on a solution to the troublesome insects in Germany when he stumbled onto a solution for a larger problemhumans. With World War II less than a decade later the Germans now possessed an extremely efficient killer. The Soman, Tabun, and Sarin that Gerhard had engineered were some of the most toxic substances known to humankind. Fortunately, Adolf Hitler never used these devastating weapons during the war. The reason why he made this decision is still unknown to many people. The most popular explanation for Hitler's decision goes back to the previous World War where toxic gases were used in combat. Hitler had been harmed by these chemical agents and was unwilling to introduce new and more toxic agents. There is also evidence that suggests that Hitler was advised against using the agents and even stopped their production. Hitler's Minister of Production, Albert Speer, said after the war that sensible military leaders turned gas warfare down as being insane, since, America's airforce was the best at the time and probably still is. It would not be long before it would wreak havoc on German cities if Hitler had even considered chemical warfare had be used. After the war, British chemist R. Ghosh (his first name was never mentioned in my research) discovered another more indestructible agent known as VX. It had a more stable structure, which allowed it to live longer in the air and ground, killing more life. Since VXs discovery in 1949 there has only been minor advancements in the nerve gas agents. Most of the more powerful countries began to stockpile their chemical weapons as if saying, We are more powerful than you. There have only been two real incidents where nerve gas agents have been used. One of the events was the Iran and Iraq war that lasted from 1984 to 1988. Iraq used the nerve agent Tabun against Iran. Another incident was when a Japanese Cult known as the Aum Shinrikyo Cult put a Sarin gas bomb in a heavily populated Tokyo subway. This posed an all new problemTerrorists have the most deadly substance known to mankind. The following chart contains the key for the Nerve agents, the route into the human body, the form in which it goes in, the effect and how much is needed to do that damage: AGENT ROUTE FOR EFFECT TYPE DOSAGE Sarin inhalation vapor incapacitation ICt50 35 mg-min/m3 inhalation vapor death LCt50 70 mg-min/m3 percutaneous liquid death LD50 1700 mg/70 kg man ocular vapor meiosis ECt50 *2 mg-min/m3 Soman ocular vapor meiosis ECt50 *2 mg-min/m3 inhalation vapor incapacitation Ict50 35 mg-min/m3 inhalation vapor death LCt50 70 mg-min/m3 percutaneous liquid death LD50 350 mg/70 kg man Tabun percutaneous liquid death LD50 9.3 mg/kg (MONKEY) inhalation vapor death LCt50 187 mg-min/m3 (monkey) inhalation vapor death LCt50 135 mg-min/m3 (MAN) VX ocular vapor meiosis ECt50 *.9 mg-min/m3 inhalation vapor incapacitation ICt50 25 mg-min/m3 inhalation vapor death LCt50 30 mg-min/m3 percutaneous liquid death LD50 10 mg/70 kg man Nerve agents are generally colorless, odorless, and are readily absorbable through the lungs, eyes, skin, and intestinal tract without producing any irritation. They are also extremely potent, so even a brief exposure can be fatal. Death may occur in 1 to 10 minutes, or be delayed for 1 to 2 hours, depending on the concentration to which a victim has been exposed. The symptoms that you would develop and the order that they come in are near to extraordinary. First, your nose would begin to run, then your chest would feel constricted. Your vision would dim as your pupils contracted into pinpoints. You'd begin to drool and sweat excessively. Then would come nausea and vomiting, intestinal cramps and involuntary urination or defecation. You'd twitch, jerk, and stagger as you're overcome with

Energy resource challenge Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Energy resource challenge - Research Paper Example It has always been a challenge to people the control of pollution non-renewable resources bring. Also, scientists are trying their best to find out the probable ways to reduce the global warming caused by the non-renewable resources usage. Renewable energy is the naturally replenished energy that comes from the environment. It includes energy coming from the sun as well as from the wind. One of the most recognized models of the renewable energy source is called Wind Turbines. This machine gets energy from the wind because of its rotating part. It can be segregated into two – machine that makes use of the energy directly and machine that converts energy to electricity. The former is called Windmill while the later is a Wind Generator. Aside from wind source, solar cells are also an efficient supply that became accessible to homeowners as Scientists consider that the technology will be competitive (Berg, n.d.). It is known that solar energy can be obtained through radiation. Photovoltaics and heat engines are just some techniques used to extract energy from the sun. In a photovoltaics method, electricity is produced by converting the sun’s radiation with the use of semiconductors. Thus, letting the electri city flow and be obtained. Aside from the mentioned renewable energy sources, an alcohol can also be a form of energy source. Ethanol can be naturally produced from sunlight. The production is possible through the process called Photosynthesis that brings about feedstock. Last but not the least, there is Hydropower. Water energy can also be obtained and be gathered through hydroelectric dams. There are now available alternative resources of energy. However, the question that still remains is on the reliability of these sources. Indeed, oil fuels until now have not met its rival. It still has the greatest impact to people and their welfare. Unlike coal and gas, storage is a challenge in managing

Business Process Reengineering Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Business Process Reengineering - Essay Example These standards differ for different industries. Eaton Corporation is a global technology company that deals with assorted power management equipment for commercial and military use. Its global nature behoves it to assure customers, suppliers, investors and governments all over the world about the quality of its products and services using an internationally acceptable standard such as the ISO 9001:2000. From the document provided as Eaton Electric Limited’s quality policy, the company states that This part of Eaton’s quality policy conforms to ISO 9001: 2000, Section 5.3 a) that states that management should ensure that quality management is appropriate to the purpose of the organisation. ISO 9001:2000 compliance requires organisations to develop and implement  quality management systems (QMS) that interrelate or interact with elements that companies employ to manage how quality policies are put into practice and how quality objectives are attained. Communication is another key aspect of ISO 9001:2000. Communication assures control of the organisation’s quality system because members of staff are made aware of their roles, responsibilities and chain of authority. Ownership is ingrained into employees through communication. ISO 9001: 2000 Section 5.3 c) requires that the quality policy be communicated to the extent that it is understood by all within the organization. Eaton’s quality policy complies with this section where it reads: It is clear here that Eaton’s decision makers seek to constantly communicate with their employees about their quality systems objective through continuous training programs. Moreover it is only through communication that Eaton’s quality policy may get to be embedded within the organisational culture. Commitment to continuous improvement and measurability of the organisation’s quality policy are emphasized by Section 2.5 of ISO 9001: